The experience of countries in implementing the principles of "one health". Comparative review

Relevance: The global consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic emphasize today the importance of the concept of "One Health" for the health system, which provides for the use of a coordinated, joint, interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach to eliminate potential or existing risks arising at the interface of the "environment-animal-human-ecosystem". The aim of the work is to study the experience of countries in implementing the concept of "One Health". Search strategy: comparative analysis of publications on the research topic, sources indexed in the databases of the electronic library e-Library, Google Academy, Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus. 26 countries from the European Union, South America and Africa were subject to analysis. The criteria defined are: institutional framework;mechanisms of intersectoral interaction and programs/tools for the implementation of the concept of "One Health". Results: The literature review provides a comparative analysis of the experience of implementing the concept of "One Health" in 26 countries. Realizing the importance of "One Health" in the general concept of public safety, countries have launched an active policy to promote it in the last decade. Characteristic features of country policies are the intersectoral approach with appropriate support from the government of the country, the activity of all participants in promoting the initiative and their investment.

Rural development from policy to politics. National strategic plans and their potential impact on social structural transformations. Comparative overview. Case study Romania between the European and national context

The question of rural development is of utmost for countries such as Romania. In the current climate of tension generated by the post-pandemic recovery and geopolitical turmoil, rural development has been more important than ever. We are living in a time of great structural duress and the solutions are becoming more political as the effects of the policy are political ones. There is a transformation of the policy into politics as the Common Agricultural Policy and the Rural Development policy by any other name would still be politics. In this context, the flexibilization provided by the National Strategic Plan is more than welcome. The purpose of the paper is to analyse how the policy elements from CAP are turning into politics and are influencing the Member States politics. As the CAP post- 2020 unfolded new tools such as the National Strategic Plan were added to the EC toolbox, but often their design was influenced by national specificities. The paper performs a desk review analysis of the existing sources and has a case study the way in which this process unfolded in Romania. What is of importance in all that time-consuming process is the fact that for the first time we witnessed a large-scale reflection process throughout the European Union member states. It was partially favoured by the COVID-19 pandemic which put everything on hold for a couple of months. That combined with the need to reform made everything more democratic and more advanced and reformist than the initial proposals.

European legal framework of rural development policy

New social demands, opportunities in the green economy, opportunities opened up by digital technology, and the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and the spread of remote work have again drawn attention to rural areas. In 2020, the European Commission conducted a public consultation on the long-term vision for rural areas. Support for rural areas is already provided under several EU policies, which contributes to their balanced, fair, green and innovative development. To support the implementation of the action plan, the common agricultural policy (CAP) and the cohesion policy will be of particular importance, which will be accompanied by a whole range of policies from other areas. The aim of this paper is an analysis of the EU legal framework of rural development policy, together with an analysis of the further development of the LEADER approach. Finally, a special focus is placed on the analysis of documents (long-term vision for the EU's rural areas) that deal with the future of rural development in the EU.

Pandemics - the chance for Europe to get stronger

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a challenge for many countries around the world. The European Union, through its institutions and internal mechanisms, has managed to regroup in the face of this challenge and has completed the demands of the Member States. In this article, the main actions at European level are analysed, but also the plans for the next period regarding the advising of the European Union and the steps for a green, digital, healthy, strong, and equal Union.

Food security at risk in a fragile EU market

Eight years of steady increases in hunger and malnutrition have reversed decades of advancement. The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that in 2020, between 720 and 811 million people worldwide would experience chronic hunger, the highest number since 2014. The difficulties facing the world food system in feeding an expanding population sustainably have been made even more apparent by climate change and the Covid-19 outbreak. The threat of a global food crisis as bad as or even worse than the one the world experienced in 2007 to 2008 has gained broad international attention in response to Russia's military intervention against Ukraine. Together, Russia and Ukraine are important exporters of almost 12% of the food calories traded globally and major suppliers of staple agrocommodities like wheat, maize, and sunflower oil. Additionally, Russia is the largest exporter of fertilizers worldwide. To ensure their basic food supply, a number of regions are heavily reliant on imports from these two nations. For example, eastern African countries import 72% of their cereals from Russia and 18% from Ukraine, while North African and Middle Eastern countries receive over 50% of their imports of cereal from Russia and Ukraine combined. The EU is dedicated to advancing its Farm to fork agenda and changing the way that food is produced around the world. In order to do this, the Commission stated that it will join eight international coalitions on food security and nutrition. These coalitions bring together a wide range of stakeholders.

Implementation and methodological framework of the SHARE study in Croatia

This paper highlights the specific aspects of the eighth wave of SHARE in which face-to-face interviewing has been suspended due to the coronavirus pandemic, and a methodological turn has been made, i.e. face-to-face interviews have been replaced with a short CATI (telephone) survey called "SHARE Corona". From the database of insured persons of the Croatian Health Insurance Fund (HZZO), 4,990 persons born in 1963 and earlier were randomly selected. In all countries that had refresher samples, the response rate was 51.3% at the household level and 46.8% at the individual level. The seventh SHARE wave, called SHARELIFE, was mainly retrospective, accomplishing a full EU coverage. As a part of the seventh wave, a relatively small refresher sample was selected in Croatia i.e. 346 interviews were conducted in 234 households. The minimum satisfactory response rate of 30% was achieved at the household level. In Croatia, the retention rate of respondents in the seventh wave was 84.6%, which was the highest retention rate of respondents between waves six and seven. In Slovenia, it was 82.9%, in Greece 82.8%, in Estonia 82.2%, in Belgium 70.4%, in France 64.9%, and in Italy 62%. The sampling procedure for the refresher sample in wave eight in Croatia followed the standard phases of two-stage sampling. Primary sampling units were polling stations selected based on a probability proportional to the number of voters aged 50+ at each polling station. The sample was stratified by counties and by settlement size. In the second phase, the gross sample of individuals aged 50 or older was selected randomly. The SHARE study today faces a number of challenges, the most prominent ones being the retention of European coverage due to lack of funding and the future method of surveying in the light of COVID-19. In Croatia, joining the SHARE study was marked by significant challenges. Firstly, SHARE is the first longitudinal study on demographic ageing conducted in our country. Secondly, the SHARE survey requires ample financial resources, so the size of the Croatian sample had to be adjusted accordingly and to meet high scientific standards set by the SHARE study. The third significant challenge that the SHARE research team faced were barriers to accessing the sampling framework. Substantial efforts were undertaken to demonstrate that the SHARE study adheres to all ethical standards and regulations related to the protection of the personal data of respondents. Another issue was the limited number of survey agencies in Croatia that can conduct demanding surveys of this type.

Macroeconomic trends in public healthcare and risk management in the period to 2025

Healthcare, economic and social crises deepened globally and in Bulgaria as a result of the Covid-19 pandemic. Questions about the future of public healthcare have become relevant for public health managers, who often have to work with inadequate financial resources in an environment of increasing expectations from society. What risks lay ahead? Are there macroeconomic foundations to solve these profound problems or will they deepen in the period 2022 to 2025? Would it be prudent to raise debt levels in Bulgaria to the brink of bankruptcy? Would it be necessary to raise taxes for employees, including medical personnel, to overcome the crises? The purpose of the current article is to analyse the macroeconomic environment and key financial indicators in Bulgaria and the EU, and use the analysis to propose risk management strategies to increase healthcare funds in an unprecedented demographic crisis without raising debt and government taxation.

Spillover effects of pandemic crisis to the EU agricultural sector

The economic crisis caused by the external shock in the form of the COVID-19 pandemic had the character of a systemic risk affecting all markets in the world. Due to high levels of economic integration, negative spillover effects were inevitable. Indirect effects particularly affected the agricultural sector with simultaneous shocks on the supply and demand side. The research includes an analysis of negative distortions of a macroeconomic nature in order to show in the most adequate way the vital importance of the agricultural sector at the level of the European Union (EU). Given the acute nature of the economic crisis, interventions at the EU level (and in countries) targeting exit strategies have a key role to play. The analysis of the implemented strategies in the EU in 2020 indicates that: (a) economic policymakers have minimized the gap in the implementation of measures, by applying generous and prompt programs aimed at the agricultural sector;(b) there is a need to move from urgent rescue programs to "no regrets" programs that can improve the resilience of the agricultural sector to future external shocks in the long run.

COVID-19, international agricultural economy and animal sectors: the case of China, the United States and the EU

The Covid-19 pandemic is a major global event. A reflection on the first implications of this sanitary crisis for the world agricultural economy and the animal sectors of three geographical areas is proposed in this article. The agri-food systems have been strongly affected by this crisis, whose global economic impacts (a 3.5% drop in world gross domestic product and a 5.3% drop in international trade in goods between 2019 and 2020) are affecting the purchasing power of final consumers. However, they have resisted the crisis well, both in terms of supply (stability or slight growth in the volumes of meat and milk produced on a global scale) and trade. In 2021, the sharp rise in international prices for agricultural products and the rapid resumption of economic growth, particularly in the three zones more specifically studied here (China, the United States and the European Union), suggest that agriculture should remain under pressure from sustained world demand. More than Covid-19, the impact of African swine fever in China has had a major impact on international meat trade flows for several years. In addition, the growing Chinese appetite for dairy products is playing a central role in the development of international dairy markets, to the benefit of exporting areas including the EU and the US.

World experience of innovation and investment development of enterprises in overcoming the phenomenon of divergence

Enterprises of the industrial complex on the basis of innovation and investment development for a long period of time remain one of the important types of economic activity in the world market. They acquire particular importance during the period of overcoming the phenomenon of divergence in the countries of the European Union and in Ukraine. Therefore, an important issue is to determine the characteristics of their development;identification of existing problems and solutions, especially taking into account the existing negative consequences caused by COVID-19;study of issues related to the peculiarities of employment of the population, as well as issues of preserving existing and stimulating the creation of new jobs. The information base for the study are the official materials of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, and the countries of the European Union. With the help of statistical data, the assessment of the main indicators of production activity was carried out, features of dynamics and structure of export of production of the enterprises are defined. Due to the use of a systemic and structural approach, the positive aspects of development and factors hindering the growth of production in Ukraine and European countries were identified. The method of comparison is used in the analysis of regulations of Ukraine, European countries, which regulate the issues of innovation and investment activities of enterprises. The problem of institutional factors of providing innovative development on the basis of the system approach and synthesis of mechanisms of infrastructural maintenance of innovative development is investigated. The study found that in the European Union there are factors that contribute to overcoming the phenomenon of divergence. In particular, the presence of innovative enterprises;production of competitive products with high added value;concentration of enterprises in settlements where highly qualified specialists are concentrated, etc. Unlike the countries of the European Union, in Ukraine there are factors that hinder investment and innovation development. In particular, this concerns the imperfection of the mechanism of investment development;low level of technological support of the production process;limited access to foreign markets;leakage of highly qualified specialists abroad, etc. In order to improve the situation, it is necessary to adapt the legislation of Ukraine in the field of investment and innovation development to the legislation of the European Union. Carry out the development of the national innovation system. Develop and implement a model of using public-private partnership, which will facilitate the inflow of investment resources, etc. The most effective way to overcome the phenomenon of divergence in Ukraine is the development of enterprises on an innovative basis;functioning of the national innovation system;dissemination of public-private partnership in the field of investment and innovation;introduction of a network of transregional and cross-border cooperation.

Global food security and sovereignty impacted by SARS-CoV-2 pandemic

The current health crisis due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is challenging several of the assumptions of a globalized world. There are severe consequences over food security and sovereignty, especially among the poorest and most vulnerable populations. Particularly, since any infectious disease outbreak is directly correlated to an increase in hunger and malnutrition. This assay is set to analyze the impacts of the sanitary crisis on food security and sovereignty in the international context, and highlight how governments are acting to reduce consequences, through the use of an exploratory and analytical methodology. Although the United States (U.S.) has successfully overcome this health crisis, the food crisis has overtaken, as a result of the growing unemployment. In Latin America, the pandemic is exacerbating food access and economic situation. The sanitary crisis has aggravated food shortages in Africa already going on, especially in rural areas. Asia suffered the most significant impact in food security. The new food security policy in the European Union aims to hold food security. Food insecurity and malnutrition are not just about agriculture production;they are also about food access limitations. In consequence, this health crisis cannot be allowed to become also a food crisis.

Urban tourism - component of the integrated development strategy of towns. case study, Calarasi municipality, Romania

In the context of the accentuation of the urbanization process, the towns become the main source of territorial development. At the same time, however, they face major challenges regarding sustainability, climate change, social cohesion, environment or mobility. In the perspective of 2030, Calarasi municipality will be the economic center of interest of South-Muntenia region, through the superior capitalization of the existing resources: the geo-strategic positioning, the natural and anthropic patrimony and the human resource. Based on these considerations, we set out to highlight the tourist potential of Calarasi municipality in order to identify the types of tourism that can be practiced in the town and its surroundings. The indicators of the tourist infrastructure, respectively, tourist accommodation units, accommodation capacity, analysis of the main tourist traffic - arrivals, overnight stays, average length of stay were structurally determined and analyzed for 2007-2019, after Romania accession to the European Union and before the health crisis Covid-19. The favourable geographical location of the municipality gives it various advantages as regards economy, tourism, and landscape. The proximity to the Danube River, which is a real development potential for leisure, fishing, business or scientific tourism, to which is added the cultural, ecumenical and hunting tourism. The attractiveness of this Danube town can be increased by better capitalizing on the elements of built and natural heritage that complement the urban landscape and neighbourhoods and which can lead to increase the stay of tourists, with economic and social implications.

Food Safety in the European Union and in international trade

The European Union (EU) Food Safety policy is an important guarantee of transparency and rigor for the entire food value chain, which results from various factors and a constant evolution over time. Proper knowledge and understanding of the EU's Food Safety policy nowadays requires a reflection that presupposes analyzing the different developments in EU history from a temporal perspective. From this perspective, account is taken of the significant changes that have been taking place over time in international trade and the consequences these changes have had, notably at the multilateral international level in the dialogue between nations on the different areas relevant to the transaction of agri-food products. Lastly, the COVID-19 pandemic has recently demonstrated the importance of a sustainable and resilient food system to the various challenges. In this sense, the recent Communication of the European Commission on the Farm to Fork Strategy and the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development constitute essential reading keys to understand the pathways promoted by the EU and of the international community in seeking to value the sustainability of food systems.

Does India Need Vaccine Federalism?

In the context of interstate distribution of COVID-19 vaccines in India, an erstwhile excess supply situation got quickly converted into a deficient supply situation soon after the eligibility criterion was extended from persons 60 years and above to persons aged 45 years and above and subsequently to persons 18 years and above. The vaccine supply situation may come under further pressure once the eligibility age is extended further to lower age groups covering children. The states have frequently complained about the inadequate supply of vaccines and have asked for a more transparent mechanism for their interstate allocations (Phadke et al 2021). At present, the interstate distribution is being handled by the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Any objective basis of the algorithm or methodology presently being used for this interstate distribution has not been shared with the wider public, and the complaint of the states regarding non-transparency in handling of interstate distribution of vaccines seems justified. Given the supply shortages, the initiative by the Government of India to augment vaccine supplies by granting approval to vaccines already approved by regulatory authorities in the United States (US), the European Union (EU), the United Kingdom (UK), and Japan subject to certain conditions is a welcome move.

Agricultural cooperatives in Europe: importance for rural development, government support

The article presents the main research results on the peculiarities of the functioning of agricultural cooperatives and the practices of state regulation of their activities in the countries of the European Union. The high importance of agricultural cooperatives is justified, first of all, by their multifunctionality, and, consequently, by their contribution both to the development of the agricultural economy and to the stability of rural areas. The main trends in the development of agricultural cooperation in Europe are: (1) the enlargement of the cooperative business;(2) the development of vertical integration along the technological chain, (3) all kinds of organizational innovations to expand financial opportunities, (4) strengthening competitiveness through the growth of the scale of activities and all kinds of innovations, (5) socialization of cooperative activities in order to improve the living conditions of rural communities. The specificity of state support for European agricultural cooperatives lies in expanding the range of mechanisms and instruments used by the state, providing financial assistance mainly to small regional cooperatives (performing functions important for rural areas), taking into account the possibilities of cooperative activities under extraordinary conditions (such as the COVID-19 pandemic or emerging natural cataclysms).

Security, Autonomy and Industry: Medical Equipment in MERCOSUR

This article aims to analyze the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in MERCOSUR, as well as decisions on this industry adopted since the COVID-19 pandemic. It starts by referring to the main theoretical discussions on health security and autonomy, identifying the role of medical equipment in both concepts. Afterward, the main characteristics of the medical equipment industry in Brazil and Argentina are analyzed, as well as the decisions adopted on a national and regional level. With a qualitative methodology, this research is based on a review of primary and secondary sources, as well as in-depth interviews. It is concluded that, even if Brazil and Argentina did recognize a renewed value of this industry, the lack of a regional perspective limits its capability of becoming a relevant sector for health security and autonomy in Latin America.

Challenges and opportunities for a sustainable agriculture in the context of the green and digital twin transition. How can we increase the resilience of the agriculture in the current context?

The climate changes and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic most recently have generated an increase interest and support for the topic of agricultural resilience. First of all the European Union Member States have discovered that the current pandemic has generated immense troubles in both the supply chains (that were often over extended and vulnerable) and the supply of the population inside the EU. This only added to the troubles generated already by climate changes (draughts, water shortages, extreme climate variations, etc.) All these acted like a wakeup call for the policy makers and other stakeholders. We have started to realise that we need to build up a resilient agricultural system that can sustain all the citizens involved. This resilience building process is a very complex and requires a lot of transversal actions and a whole-of-society approach. What is it needed? First of all we should innovate and train the farmers. Secondly we should developed the local and national infrastructure needed for agriculture. The use of financial instruments and institutional mechanisms are also needed to support the farmers. All these measure should be taken only after a thorough research process that draws a map of the realities in place, of the upcoming challenges and of the measures needed to solve them.

Smart Tracking: health and safe tourism tool to COVID-19. (Edi....o Especial: Covid-19.) [Portuguese]

The objective of this research was to analyze the Smart Tracking tool formatted as health and safe tourism applied in the city of Florian..polis, State of Santa Catarina, Brazil. A tool based on information and communication technology that makes it possible to track people infected by Covid-19. Its construction was structured on the principles of guarantee of data confidentiality of the European Community (2016, 2020) of the CCPA, of the State of California, United States and contemplates the LGPD of Brazil. It is a qualitative and descriptive research that has a case study as its research strategy. The procedures for data collection were based on document analysis and bibliographic survey during the months of May to July 2020 and, semi-structured interview with the creator of the tool in July 2020. The results of its application in two cases in Florian..polis (SC) showed that the understanding of the scenario for the resumption of tourist activity in tourist destinations will have as premises the integration between the public manager, security and reliability.

Promotion of European Wines in Third Countries within the Common Market Organisation Framework: The Case of France

The international wine market has undertaken important structural changes in the first decades of the 21st century, both in terms of demand and offer. In order to mitigate the effect deriving from the increase in competition, the European Union (EU) continues to allocate important resources to increase the competitiveness of the winemaking sector by means of its Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and the Common Market Organization (CMO). This paper aims to understand which factors have an influence on the correct implementation of the CMO measure of promotion in the principal wine exporter country: France. A fuzzy-set model (fs/QCA) has been utilized, studying a period of 10 years since 2009. Results show that is it possible to obtain a better execution ratio of measure of promotion by adapting some key factors, such as CMO budget allocation. These findings could support French national and regional authorities in the task of planning. Moreover, other Member States (MS) could also benefit, since in the new CAP approach, a higher participation in strategic plans is required for them by the EU.

Meta-analysis of the clinical performance of commercial SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid and antibody tests up to 22 August 2020

Background: Reliable testing for SARS-CoV-2 is key for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. AimWe estimate diagnostic accuracy for nucleic acid and antibody tests 5 months into the COVID-19 pandemic, and compare with manufacturer-reported accuracy.